Updated October 1, 2025 at 11:08 AM EDT
Much of the federal government is now shut down after Republicans and Democrats in the Senate failed to reach an agreement on government funding.
The Republican-controlled House passed a bill earlier this month that would keep the government funded at the current levels through Nov. 21. Senate Democrats refused to support that bill in an effort to force Republicans to negotiate on Affordable Care ACt subsidies that are set to expire at the end of the year.
Democats introduced their own short-term measure that would fund the government through the end of October and extend those expiring health care subsidies. Republicans blocked that measure. Both bills needed 60 votes to pass, and both failed largely along party lines.
Shortly after the failed votes on Tuesday, Office of Management and Budget Director Russell Vought instructed affected federal agencies to "execute their plans for an orderly shutdown."
It is unclear exactly how far-reaching the impact of a shutdown will be or how long the suspensions of funding will last. Critical services, including Social Security, VA benefits and Medicare and Medicaid payments, will continue, but people who need those resources could face delays.
Federal jobs labeled as nonessential will experience more direct impacts, meaning there could be slowdowns in some government services and many federal employees will be left unpaid.
The Congressional Budget Office estimates about 750,000 federal employees may be furloughed daily.
The Senate plans to vote again on both short-term funding measures Wednesday, although it's unlikely either will pass. Congress will be out Thursday in observation of Yom Kippur.
President Trump has also indicated he may take additional action to reshape the government. On Tuesday afternoon, he alluded to possibly carrying out mass firings of federal workers and eliminating programs in the event of a shutdown.
"We can do things during the shutdown that are irreversible, that are bad for them," Trump told reporters in the Oval Office on Tuesday. "We can cut large numbers of people. We don't want to do that, but we don't want fraud, waste and abuse."
Some impacts will be immediate, while others will only kick in if a shutdown drags on.
- Hundreds of thousands of federal workers and active-duty service members may miss paychecks starting in mid-October.
- Air traffic controllers and Transportation Security Administration employees are considered essential employees, but some have called off sick during past shutdowns when they were asked to work without pay.
- The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children — commonly known as WIC —may soon run out of money.
- It is unclear whether national parks will remain open. During the last shutdown, parks remained open even though they went unstaffed.
On Day 1 of the shutdown, Democrats and Republicans dig in
Lawmakers ratcheted up the finger-pointing Wednesday as the first impacts of the shutdown began to take effect.
Republicans have accused Democrats of taking the federal budget hostage to advance their policy goals. Speaking from the Capitol Wednesday morning, House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., highlighted some of the effects of the shutdown on the federal workforce.
"As we speak here this morning, there are hundreds of 1000s of federal workers who are getting their furlough notices," Johnson said. "Our troops and our border patrol agents will have to go to work, but they'll be working without pay. Food assistance, veterans benefits and vital support for women and children are all coming to a halt."
Democrats continue to argue that they are fighting to protect Americans' health care, as they push to extend the insurance subsidies and also attempt to repeal cuts to health care programs that were enacted by the GOP's tax and spending bill passed earlier this summer.
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., has called on his Republican colleagues to negotiate a bipartisan package to address funding and health care costs.
"Donald Trump and Republicans have barreled us into a shutdown because they refuse to protect Americans' health care," Schumer said on the Senate floor Wednesday. "It's clear that the way out of this shutdown is to sit down and negotiate with Democrats to address the looming health care crisis that faces 10s of millions of American families."
As the funding deadline neared, lawmakers ratcheted up the finger-pointing over the impending shutdown.
How long will the shutdown last?
Republican leaders say they plan to continue holding votes on their stopgap funding measure, hoping they can peel off more Democrats to join them as a shutdown wears on.
"When we had a vote on our proposal to keep the government open right before the recess, we had one Democrat vote," Republican Whip John Barrasso said Tuesday night. "Tonight, we had three. So the cracks are beginning to show."
Two Democrats, Sens. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania, and Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada and one independent, Angus King of Maine — who caucuses with Democrats — voted for the Republican bill on Tuesday.
"We need a bipartisan solution to address this impending health care crisis, but we should not be swapping the pain of one group of Americans for another," Cortez Masto said.
But six Democrats who voted yes on the continuing resolution when it first came for a vote in March declined to support the measure this time around. And like Thune, Schumer also said he believes some members on the other side may eventually find their position untenable.
Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., was the lone Republican to oppose the measure Tuesday.
The last government shutdown, from December 2018 to January 2019, lasted 35 days and was the longest in U.S. history.
With Republicans and Democrats both signaling they are unwilling to budge, there is no clarity about the path out of the shutdown — or how long it will last.
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