President Harry Truman led the construction of the global order from the smoldering ruins of World War II. The U.S. played a starring role in these international organizations, such as the United Nations, the World Bank and NATO.
"In this treaty, we seek to establish freedom from aggression and from the use of force in the North Atlantic community," Truman said at NATO's founding in 1949 in Washington, D.C.
That NATO community, then and now, includes Greenland, a semiautonomous territory that for three centuries has been part of Denmark, a NATO member.
Yet President Trump has a different take.
"We are going to do something on Greenland, whether they like it or not. Because if we don't do it, Russia or China will take over Greenland," Trump said recently.
Many foreign policy analysts are critical of Trump's call for U.S. control of Greenland. Yet the president has doubled down, in keeping with his aggressive, unilateral approach to foreign policy.
Trump breaks from a long tradition
For 80 years, almost all U.S. presidents — Democratic and Republican — have worked largely from the same playbook. With the U.S. as the anchor, this international order was based on a global network of military alliances, an emphasis on free trade and calls for greater democracy.
The U.S. and its allies have hugely benefited from this system. But the world has changed. Some of these institutions have not kept pace, and Trump often describes them as burdens that constrict his desire for swift, decisive action.
"You can make an argument that Trump's version of shock therapy was necessary to get U.S. allies out of the world of complacency that they had been living in for far too long," said Hal Brands, a senior fellow at the conservative American Enterprise Institute in Washington. "The challenge, though, is that if you don't pair that with reassurance, you risk hollowing out the credibility of these alliances instead of improving them."
In his first term, Trump sought to keep the U.S. out of foreign conflicts. In his second term, Trump has often turned to military force. In the past year, the U.S. has bombed four countries in the Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Syria and Yemen) and two in Africa (Nigeria and Somalia). Trump has threatened others, both friends and foes. And the U.S. recently ousted Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro.
"The American people need to be asking the question, are these military interventions enhancing our security and our prosperity and our values? In my estimation, they are not," said Michael McFaul, a former U.S. ambassador to Russia.
In Venezuela, Trump is working with the holdovers of Maduro's regime. He's lukewarm at best toward the country's opposition, which was widely considered the winner of the 2024 presidential election.
McFaul has written a new book titled Autocrats vs. Democrats. He says that in several places, including Venezuela, "I'm not sure what side of that divide President Trump is on. He could have easily just said, 'We're removing Maduro and we are now going to help the democratically elected president.'"
An emphasis on the Western Hemisphere
As Trump takes apart the 20th century world order, he's embracing elements of 19th century U.S. foreign policy — like the Monroe Doctrine, which dates to President James Monroe's 1823 declaration that European colonial powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere. Trump is now touting his own version — the Donroe Doctrine.
The State Department summed it up in a social media post that showed a scowling Trump with the words "This is our hemisphere."
While Trump is much more aggressive in calling on the U.S. military in this term, compared to his first term, he's targeted smaller countries.
"Trump is very good at beating up on weaker states where the power asymmetry with the United States is most severe," said Brands. "Trump has been extremely effective at coercing Iran. He's been effective at coercing Venezuela."
Trump says these shows of strength give the U.S. leverage when it comes to making peace. The president has had diplomatic breakthroughs, including a ceasefire agreement in the Israel-Hamas conflict.
But Brands notes that Trump has been stymied when dealing with the United States' most powerful rivals, Russia and China.
"He has been far less effective at coercing Russia to end the war in Ukraine and far less effective at coercing China on economic or strategic matters," said Brands.
The Russia-Ukraine war grinds on, despite Trump's efforts to broker a peace deal. With China, Washington and Beijing have effectively called a truce in their trade war, at least for now.
U.S. allies question Washington's reliability
Trump's combative approach also extends to many U.S. allies, and is changing their calculus when it comes to depending on the U.S., said Ian Bremmer, who heads the Eurasia Group, a global research and consulting firm based in New York.
"Our allies are playing defense in the near-term because they don't want to get hurt. They don't want to be in a fight with the U.S," said Bremmer. "Long-term, they're hedging. They're doing everything they can to not have to rely on the United States as much."
Bremmer said Trump consistently overestimates unilateral U.S. clout and underestimates the value of partners.
"The Americans are giving away the store long-term on what has allowed them to so successfully project power," he said. "It has been a willingness to align, not all the time, but a fair amount, with allies. Trump is throwing that out the window."
As this old order breaks down, Trump's version is still taking shape.
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